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| Squamous Carcinoma |
| Etiology • Strongest association is with cigarette smoking • Human papillomavirus genome has been detected • Asbestosis another cofactor |
| Pathogenesis • ? whether same mechanism of BPDE (catabolite of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke) binds p53 mutational hot spots as in lung carcinoma • p53 mutation affects cell replication and centromere replication, |
| Epidemiology • Usually men with long cigarette smoking history • Age generally >50 years |
| General Gross Description • Granular, gray white, exophytic or ulcerated neoplasm • Glottic if involves the true vocal cords • Supraglottic above cords • Infraglottic below cords • Although pyriform sinus is part of hypopharynx, generally grouped with supraglottic carcinomas |
| General Microscopic Description • Frequently keratinizing with pearl formation • Hyperchromatic nuclei with irregular outlines • Prominent nucleoli • Can range from well to poorly differentiated • May be accompanied by dysplastic or in situ changes in adjacent squamous mucosa |
| Clinical Correlation • Present with hoarseness and/or airway obstruction • All neoplasms spread to the regional lymph nodes • Eventually spread to lungs and other distant sites • Extensive morbidity and mortality due to local disease with airway obstruction, hemorrhage, infection • Treatment modalities include surgery and radiation • Best prognosis for glottic neoplasms |
| References • Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. 5th edition. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1994, pp. 745-6. • Sternberg SS ed. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 2d edition, Lippincott-Raven; Philadelphia. 1996, pp. 897-911. |
| Squamous Carcinoma |
| Synopsis by: Melinda Sanders M.D. (T24100M80703)[128] |
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